Every bodily cell is tightly regulated with respect to growth,
interaction with other cells, and even its life span. Cancer occurs when
a type of cell has lost these normal control mechanisms and grows in a
way that the body can no longer regulate.
Different kinds of cancer have different signs, symptoms, treatments,
and outcomes, depending on the type of cell involved and the degree of
uncontrolled cell growth.
About Cancer
All kinds of cancer, including childhood cancer, have a common
disease process — cells grow out of control, develop abnormal sizes and
shapes, ignore their typical boundaries inside the body, destroy their
neighbor cells, and ultimately can spread (or metastasize) to other
organs and tissues.
As cancer cells grow, they demand more and more of the body's
nutrition. Cancer takes a child's strength, destroys organs and bones,
and weakens the body's defenses against other illnesses.
Cancer affects only about 14 of every 100,000 children in the United
States each year. Among all age groups, the most common childhood
cancers are
leukemia,
lymphoma, and
brain cancer. As kids enter the teen years, there is an increase in the incidence of
osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
The sites of cancer are different for each type, as are treatment and cure rates.
Typically, factors that trigger cancer in kids usually differ from
those that cause cancer in adults, such as smoking or exposure to
environmental toxins. Rarely, there may be an increased risk of
childhood cancer in kids who have a genetic condition, such as Down
syndrome. Those who have had chemotherapy or radiation treatment for a
prior cancer episode may also have an increased risk of cancer.
In most cases, however, childhood cancers arise from noninherited
mutations (or changes) in the genes of growing cells. Because these
errors occur randomly and unpredictably, there's no effective way to
prevent them.
Sometimes, a doctor might spot early symptoms of cancer at regular checkups. However, some of these symptoms (such as
fever, swollen glands, frequent infections,
anemia,
or bruises) are also associated with other infections or conditions
that are much more common than cancer. Because of this, both doctors and
parents might suspect other childhood illnesses when cancer symptoms
first appear.
Once cancer has been diagnosed, it's important for parents to seek
help from a medical center that specializes in pediatric oncology
(treatment of childhood cancer).
Cancer Treatment
The treatment of cancer in children can include
chemotherapy (the use of medical drugs to kill cancer cells),
radiation
(the use of radiant energy to kill cancer cells), and surgery (to
remove cancerous cells or tumors). The type of treatment needed depends
on the type and severity of cancer and the child's age.
Surgery
For children with leukemia or lymphoma, surgery generally plays a
minor role. This is because leukemia and lymphoma involve the
circulatory system and
lymphatics, two systems that are located all throughout the body, making it difficult to treat by operating on one specific area.
In children with solid tumors that haven't spread to other parts of
the body, however, surgery can often effectively remove cancer when used
in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is medication which is used as a tool to eliminate
cancer cells in the body. Kids with cancer can be given the chemotherapy
medications
intravenously (through a vein) or
orally (by mouth). Some forms of chemotherapy can be given
intrathecally, or into the spinal fluid. The drugs enter the bloodstream and work to kill cancer in all parts of the body.
The duration of chemotherapy treatment and type and number of
different of drugs used depends on the type of cancer and the child's
response to the drugs. Every child's treatment differs, so a child may
receive daily, weekly, or monthly chemotherapy treatments. The doctor
may also recommend cycles of treatment, which allow the body to rest and
recover between periods of chemo.
All of the medications used as chemotherapy also carry the risk of
both short-term and long-term problems. Short-term side effects may
include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, anemia, abnormal bleeding,
and increased risk of infection due to destruction of the bone marrow,
as well as kidney damage and menstrual irregularities. Some drugs carry a
risk of bladder inflammation and bleeding into the urine, hearing loss,
and liver damage. Others may cause heart and skin problems. Longer-term
effects can include infertility, growth problems, organ damage, or
increased risk of other cancers.
Your doctor will use precautions as well as other medications to counteract as many of the side effects as possible.
Bone Marrow Transplants
Kids with certain types of cancer may receive bone marrow
transplants. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside certain bones of the
body that produces blood cells. If a child has a type of cancer that
affects the function of blood cells, a bone marrow transplant (along
with chemotherapy to kill the defective cells) may allow new, healthy
cells to grow. Bone marrow transplant is also sometimes used to treat
cancer that does not involve blood cells because it lets doctors use
higher doses of chemo than would otherwise be tolerated.
Radiation
Radiation is one of the most common treatments for cancer. A child
who receives radiation therapy is treated with a stream of high-energy
particles or waves that destroy or damage cancer cells. Many types of
childhood cancer are treated with radiation along with chemotherapy or
surgery.
Radiation has many potential side effects (such as increased risk of
future malignancy and infertility), which you should discuss with the
doctor.
The primary goal when treating kids with cancer is to cure them; this
takes priority over all other aspects of care. However, many
medications and therapies can make kids more comfortable while
undergoing treatment for cancer.
Coping With Cancer
When possible, older kids should be involved with their own cancer
treatment. Facts about the specific type of cancer and its effects
should be explained in language suitable for the child's age. However,
when cancer affects younger children — toddlers and those under age 4 —
simply telling them that they are "sick" and need "medicine" to get
better is often enough explanation. For all age groups, the goal is to
prevent fear and misunderstanding.
Many kids might feel guilty, as if the cancer is somehow their fault.
Psychologists, social workers, and other members of the cancer
treatment team can be a great help in reassuring and helping them with
their feelings.
The cancer treatment team can guide patients and families through the
pain, uncertainty, and disruptions caused by cancer. If necessary, team
can also contact or visit the child's school to explain the diagnosis
to teachers and classmates. Replacing fear and misunderstanding with
compassion and information is a goal in helping kids with cancer cope
with the illness.
The diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers takes time, and
there are both short-term and long-term side effects. But thanks to
medical advances, more and more kids with cancer are finishing
successful treatment, leaving hospitals, and growing up just like
everybody else. Today, up to 70% of all children with cancer can be
cured.
Credit:http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/cancer/cancer.html#